Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties of Water

Properties of Natural Water

Some Basic Chemical Principles
Chemical Composition of Natural Waters
Solubility in Water
Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Normal Seawater.
 

Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Water in the Liquid Phase

The Phases of Pure Water
Properties of Saturated Water and Steam
Properties of Compressed Liquid Water.

General Characteristics of Water

Pure Water
Natural Water
Seawater
Energetic Aspects of Water
Biological Aspects of Water

Electrochemical Processes

Fraday's Law of Electrolysis
Electode Potential
Types & Performance of Cells
Application

Biological Contamination of Water

Range of Biological organisms Present in Water
Metabolism of Bioorganisms
Bio-Fouling

Separation Thermodynamics

Relevant Thermodynamic Functions
Partial Molar Properties
Equilibrium Criteria
Aqueous Solutions of Electrolytes
Equilibria Relevant to Desalination
Thermodynamic Properties

Introduction to Thermodynamics

Terminology
Variables and Properties
First Law of Thermodynamics
Equations of State
Second Law of Thermodynamics
The Equilibrium State
Chemical Reaction Equilibrium

Separation Phenomena in Desalination

Solar Stills
Freeze and Hydrate Separation
Ion Exchange

Distillation-Based Desalination Processes

Multiple Effect Boiling (MEB) Plants
Multistage Flash (MSF) Plants
Vapor Compression

Membrane-Based Desalination Processes

Reverse Osmosis (RO) Theory
Electrodialysis (ED) Theory

Some Practical Aspects of Desalination Processes

MEB Plants
MSF Plants
RO Plants
ED Plants
Limitations of the Membrane Processes

An Overview of Fouling

Categories of Fouling

Biofouling

Bacteria
Algae
Fungi
Mussels
Barnacles
Hydroids

Composite Fouling, Fundamentals and Mechanisms

Crystallisation Fouling
Particulate Fouling
Corrosion Fouling
Composite Fouling
Composite Crystallisation and Particulate Fouling
Corrosion and Precipitation Fouling
Composite Corrosion and Particulate Deposition

Common Foulants in Desalination:Inorganic Salts

Description, overview (relative occurrence)
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Sulfate
Magnesium hydroxide
Silica, Silicates
Phosphates

Biological Foulants

Biofouling

Crystallization Fouling

Chemical Fundamentals
Literature Review on scale formation in heat exchangers
Effect of Operating Parameters on scale formation
Models for scale formation on heat transfer surfaces
Scale formation in shell and tube heat exchangers.
Scale formation in plate and frame heat exchangers
Extended Surfaces

Change of Distiller Performance with Fouling

Relationship between Fouling and steam consumption
Performance of the evaporator under different tube fouling conditions
The effect of various fouling conditions on various plant section